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Smetana is one of the names for a range of sour creams from Central and Eastern Europe. It is a dairy product produced by souring heavy cream. It is similar to ''crème fraîche'' (28% fat), but nowadays mainly sold with 10% to 30% milkfat content depending on the country.〔http://www.polishdairy.com.pl/smietany/#more-14〕 Its cooking properties are different from ''crème fraîche'' and the lighter sour creams sold in the US, which contain 12 to 16% butterfat. It is widely used in cooking and baking. ==Uses== Smetana (Smântână in Romania, Schmand/t in German-speaking countries) is also used in other central Central and Eastern European cuisines in appetizers, main courses, soups and desserts. For example, it may be blended with soups, vegetable salads, cole slaw,〔June Meyers Authentic Hungarian Heirloom Recipes Cookbook〕 and meat dishes. It is served with dumplings (''pelmeni'', ''pierogi'', ''varenyky''), or with pancakes (''bliny'', ''naleśniki'', ''oladyi'', ''syrniki''). It is also used as a filling in savoury pancakes. Smetana can be blended to a Liptauer-like cheese spread with quark or cottage cheeses, onions, paprika and other spices, and eaten with bread. Smetana is often used in cooking, as it is high enough in fat not to curdle at higher temperatures. It is used in the preparation of meat stews, such as beef Stroganoff, vegetable stews, casseroles, or other dishes that require a long cooking time in the oven. Smetana does not melt in the oven. Hungarian cooks use it as an ingredient in sauces such as ''paprikas'', and in recipes such as ''palacsinta'' (crepes) filled with ham or minced meat (''Hortobágyi palacsinta''). The current trend toward reduced-fat content is believed to have resulted in an inferior product.〔(Valio Ltd )〕 To imitate Hungarian-style cooking and the use of smetana (called ''tejföl'' in Hungarian), Hungarian cookbooks recommend using Western sour cream mixed with heavy whipping cream (38–40% milkfat).〔page 17〕 Homogenization . However, Smetana, unlike sour cream mixed with whipping cream, is not a homogenized product. In Central European countries, such as the Czech Republic, Smetana is produced by skimming cream from the surface of churned milk, and the term may refer to sweet cream or soured cream. It should contain at least 10% fat: Smetana that has at least 30% fat is called Smetana ke šlehání (whipping cream): this is used for the production of Šlehačka (whipped cream). In Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, and Russian cuisines, sour cream is often added to borscht and other soups, and is used as a salad dressing and as a condiment for dumplings, such as ''varenyky'', ''pierogi'', and ''pelmeni''. It is used in gravies served with Bohemian (Czech) cuisine, such as marinated beef Svíčková, which is similar to German Sauerbraten. ''Schmant mit Glumse'' (whipped cream with quark) is used in Prussian and other Germanic cuisines. Of note, it is not only used in savory dishes, but also for cakes called ''Schmandkuchen'' and desserts.〔:de:Schmand〕 In 1677 a German Medical book〔(Schmant=Milchraam in book: Neuaufgerichtete Stadt- und Land-Apotheke,page 926, Johann Hiskias Cardilucius, 1677 Nürnberg )〕 recommends ''Schmant'' or ''Milchraam'' as the best substance of the milk. Schmand is the cream of the milk, or foam that rises up, like the ''white'' on the beer.〔(Lexicon from Osnabrück of 1756, page 217, describes ''smanten'' as Bier ''Schaum'', like the ''foam'' on beer )〕 Schmand or Schmant also describes other fatty foamy material and is known as byproduct of mining (''Grubenschmant'') for example in vitriol development. When comparing brands or suppliers of smetana, the Polish and Russian practice is to compare the fat content of the varieties. Fat content can range from 10% (runny) to 70% (thick). The most common supermarket smetanas are 10 to 40% fat (milk fat only for an authentic product). Addition of thickeners such as gelatine is not forbidden by relevant regulations, so today one hardly can find real, thickener-free smetana in an ordinary shop, which is regarded by discriminate buyers as cheating and the product is considered substandard and unsuitable for culinary use, since some recipes are easily spoiled by the presence of a thickener. Farmer's smetana should be used instead. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Smetana (dairy product)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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